Izendlalelo Zenqolobane Ezintathu Phakathi Kwe-Khetha neDiski

Lapho uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luqhumisa KHETHA isitatimende, lowo mbuzo cishe awulokothi uthinte i-spinning disk noma isitoreji se-flash eluhlaza — udlula ezendlalelo zenqolobane ezihlukene ezintathu ezinquma buthule ukuthi impendulo yakho ifika ngama-microseconds noma ama-millisecond. Ukuqonda lezi zendlalelo umehluko phakathi kwenkundla yebhizinisi ekala kalula naleyo ebopha ngaphansi komthwalo wangempela womhlaba.

Kwenzekani Uma Umbuzo Okhethiwe Ushiya Isicelo Sakho?

Ngesikhathi uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luthumela KHETHA umbuzo, lingena epayipini onjiniyela abaningi abalokothi lihlole. Injini yolwazi ibamba isicelo ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke noma iyiphi i-I/O, ihlukanise i-SQL ohlelweni lwangaphakathi lokubulala futhi ngokushesha ibonane nomugqa wayo wokuqala wokuzivikela: inqolobane yomphumela wombuzo. Uma umbuzo ofanayo onamapharamitha afanayo usanda kusetshenziswa, injini ingabuyisela umphumela ogcinwe kunqolobane ngaphandle kokuthinta ikhasi elilodwa ledatha. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi inqolobane yombuzo noma inqolobane yomphumela, futhi emithwalweni efundeka kakhulu, ebhala kancane - njengamadeshibhodi ezibalo namamojula wokubika - kungaqeda ubuningi bediski efundwa ngokuphelele.

Ukuqonda okubalulekile lapha ukuthi inqolobane yombuzo izwela kakhulu ekuguqulweni kwedatha. Noma iyiphi FAKA, BUYEKEZWA, noma SUSA ephikisana nethebula elingaphansi yenza imiphumela egciniwe ingasebenzi. Yingakho amasistimu okwenziwayo abhalayo esindayo evamise ukuvala inqolobane yombuzo ngokuphelele futhi athembele ezendlalelo ezijulile kunalokho.

Iyini I-Buffer Pool futhi Kungani Ibalulekile Kakhulu kunalokho Okucabangayo?

Isendlalelo senqolobane sesibili — futhi ngokungangabazeki esibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza — ichibi le-buffer (elibizwa ngokuthi isigcinalwazi esabiwe ku-PostgreSQL, i-InnoDB buffer pool ku-MySQL). Lesi yisifunda se-RAM injini yesizindalwazi esisebenzisayo ukubamba amakhasi edatha asanda kufinyelelwa. Uma umbuzo ungeke ulethwe kunqolobane yomphumela, injini ihlola ukuthi amakhasi edatha adingekayo asehlala echibini lokulondoloza ngaphambi kokukhipha noma iyiphi idiski efundiwe.

I-buffer pool isebenza ngesimiso sendawo yesikhashana neyendawo: idatha efinyelelwe kamuva nje ingase ifinyelelwe futhi, futhi idatha egcinwe eduze kwedatha efinyelelwe cishe izofinyelelwa maduzane. Abaphathi besizindalwazi bashuna usayizi wechibi lebhafa njengenye yezinqumo zokucushwa ezisezingeni eliphezulu abazenzayo. I-buffer pool encane kakhulu ibangela ukukhishwa kwekhasi njalo, ikhiqize into ebizwa ngokuthithrashing, lapho isistimu ichitha isikhathi esiningi ilawula ukuphuthelwa kwenqolobane kunokusebenzisa imibuzo.

Imininingwane Ebalulekile: Emisebenzini eminingi ye-OLTP, iphuli yebhafa enosayizi omuhle isho ukuthi u-95–99% wayo yonke idatha efundiwe inikezwa ku-RAM. Isethi esebenzayo - isethi engaphansi yedatha yakho imibuzo ethinta njalo - ngokuvamile incane kakhulu kunosayizi wedatha egciniwe. Ukulinganisa i-buffer pool yakho ukuze ilingane nesethi yakho esebenzayo, hhayi yonke idathasethi yakho, kuyisenzo esisodwa esiphezulu sokubuyisela ongasithatha.

Ingabe Inqolobane Yesistimu Yokusebenza Iligcwalisa Kanjani Igebe Phakathi Kwe-RAM neDiski?

Ngisho noma i-buffer pool yesizindalwazi sigeja, umbuzo awukakahloselwe ukufundwa kwediski yangempela. Isistimu yokusebenza igcina inqolobane yekhasi (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi inqolobane yesistimu yefayela), isifunda se-RAM ephethwe i-kernel efundwa futhi ibhale ukuvimba amadivayisi. Uma injini yolwazi icela ikhasi elingekho ku-buffer pool yayo, i-OS kernel ihlola inqolobane yekhasi layo ngaphambi kokukhipha umyalo we-I/O ophathekayo kusilawuli sesitoreji.

Lesi sendlalelo sesithathu asibonakali kakhulu kubathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza kodwa sibaluleke kakhulu kumasistimu lapho iphuli yedatha yedatha ihlinzekwa kancane. Inqolobane yekhasi le-OS yabiwa kuzo zonke izinqubo, ngakho iqhudelana neseva yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza, iseva yewebhu, nanoma iyiphi enye isofthiwe esebenza kumsingathi ofanayo. Kumaseva esizindalwazi esizinikezele, lo mncintiswano mncane, futhi inqolobane ye-OS inikeza isigcinalwazi sethuba lesibili esinenjongo. Kubasingathi ababiwe noma iziqukathi ezinemikhawulo eqinile yenkumbulo, inqolobane ye-OS ivamise ukuba yincane kakhulu ukuthi ingasiza.

Isiphi Isendlalelo Senqolobane Esinesibopho Ngokusebenza Kakhulu Okuwinayo Ekuphrakthizeni?

Kuzinhlelo zokukhiqiza zomhlaba wangempela, i-buffer pool ibusa imiphumela yokusebenza ngemajini ebanzi. Nakhu ukuthi kungani isendlalelo ngasinye sinikela ngokuhlukile kuzo zonke izimo zokusetshenziswa:

• Inqolobane yomphumela wombuzo: Inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu kumadathasethi afundwayo kakhulu, amile — imibuzo yokubika, amadeshibhodi afakwe kunqolobane, izindawo zokugcina zokuqukethwe komphakathi. Akunamsebenzi ematafuleni okubhala asindayo.
• I-Database buffer pool: Ihhashi lokusebenza lomhlaba wonke. Yonke iseva yesizindalwazi sokukhiqiza kufanele ishunwe lapha kuqala. Iphatha ngokuyikho kokubili amaphethini okufinyelela okungahleliwe nalandelanayo.
• Inqolobane yekhasi le-OS: Ihlinzeka ngenethi yokuphepha lapho iphuli yebhafa ingaphansi kosayizi. Futhi kusiza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuskena okulandelanayo kwamathebula amakhulu abengakhipha amakhasi ashisayo ku-buffer pool.
• Inqolobane yesilawuli sesitoreji (i-hardware layer): Isendlalelo sesine, esivame ukunganakwa — Ama-NVMe SSD kanye nezilawuli ze-RAID zigcina inqolobane yokubhala ebhodini ngesipele sebhethri noma se-capacitor. Lokhu kuvikela ukuqina ngaphandle kokudela ukubhala ngezindleko zokubambezeleka kwe-fsync.
• Inqolobane yesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza (Redis, Memcached): Ihlala ngaphezu kwesizindalwazi ngokuphelele, igcina kunqolobane imiphumela yemibuzo elandelanayo noma izinto ezenziwe ngekhompyutha ukugwema ukushaya isizindalwazi nhlobo — ilungele izinkundla ze-SaaS eziqashisayo eziningi ezinikezela ngezinkulungwane zabasebenzisi ngasikhathi sinye.

Izinkundla Zebhizinisi Zanamuhla Zingasebenzisa Kanjani Isakhiwo Senqolobane Ukuze Sithembeke Esikalini?

Kumabhizinisi asebenzisa amamojula amaningi asebenzayo - I-CRM, ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi, ukuhweba nge-inthanethi, izibalo - ukwakheka kwenqolobane kunquma ngokuqondile ukuphendula kwenkundla njengoba amaqembu ekhula. Amaplathifomu akhelwe phezu kwesu lenqolobane enezendlalelo ezinhle anganikeza amashumi ezinkulungwane zabasebenzisi ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kwezindleko zengqalasizinda ezilinganiselwe. Okubalulekile ukuklama amaphethini okufinyelela kudatha ahlonipha imingcele yenqolobane: ukugcina idatha eshisayo incane kanye namaphethini okufinyelela abikezelwe, kusetshenziswa izifaniso ezifundwayo ukuze kusatshalaliswe umthwalo we-buffer pool, nokubeka inqolobane yesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza njenge-Redis phambi kwesizindalwazi sezindawo zokugcina ezinikeza idatha efanayo kubasebenzisi abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

I-Mewayz yakhiwe inale filosofi engqondweni. Ngamamojula webhizinisi ahlanganisiwe angu-207 anika abasebenzisi amandla phezu kwabasebenzisi abangu-138,000, isendlalelo sedatha yenkundla siklanywe ngendlela yokuthi iningi elimangalisayo lokufunda lilethwe kunqolobane — ukugcina izikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha kanye nezindleko zengqalasizinda zibikezeleka ukuthi ngabe usebenzisa uhlelo lokuqala luka-$19/ngenyanga noma isigaba sochwepheshe esingu-$49/ngenyanga.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ingabe ukukhubaza inqolobane yombuzo njalo kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesizindalwazi?

Hhayi njalo, kodwa ngomsebenzi onzima obhalwayo ngokuvamile uyawenza. Inqolobane yombuzo idinga i-mutex yomhlaba wonke ukuze igcine ukuvumelana, okuba yibhodlela ngaphansi kwezimali eziphezulu. I-MySQL 8.0 isuse inqolobane yombuzo ngokuphelele ngenxa yalesi sizathu. I-PostgreSQL ayikaze isebenzise inqolobane yombuzo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ithembele endaweni yokuphumula kanye nokugcinwa kwesikhashana kwesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza. Uma isilinganiso sakho sokufunda ukuze ubhale siphezulu futhi imibuzo yakho iphindaphindeka kakhulu, inqolobane yombuzo ingaletha izinzuzo zangempela — uma kungenjalo, tshala lowo mzamo wokuhlela endaweni yokuphumula.

Ngazi kanjani ukuthi i-buffer pool yami inosayizi olungile?

Qapha isilinganiso sakho se-buffer pool hit ratio: iphesenti lezicelo zekhasi ezinikezwa ku-pool uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezidinga ukufundwa kwediski. Isilinganiso sokushaya esingaphansi kuka-95% kumsebenzi we-OLTP siwuphawu lokukhulisa usayizi wechibi. Ku-MySQL, buza SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS bese ubheka izinga lokushaywa kwe-buffer pool. Ku-PostgreSQL, ukubukwa kwe-pg_statio_user_tables kuveza inqwaba yamabhulokhi afundwe kudiski kuqhathaniswa nokunikezwa ku-buffer pool. Khomba ukugcina yonke isethi yakho yokusebenza — hhayi isethi yakho yedatha egcwele — ihlala ku-RAM.

Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwezendlalelo zenqolobane nokuthembeka kwe-SaaS yabaqashi abaningi?

Ku-SaaS enabaqashi abaningi, izendlalelo zenqolobane zivimbela izinkinga "zomakhelwane onomsindo" lapho umthwalo osindayo womqashi oyedwa wehlisa ukusebenza kwabo bonke abanye abaqashi. Ukufakwa kunqolobane kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziqaphela umqashi ngokungasebenzi okusekelwe ku-TTL kugcina idatha eshisayo yomqashisi ngamunye ku-Redis, kwehlisa kakhulu ukucindezela kwe-buffer pool kuma-akhawunti amakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa koxhumano lwezinga lesizindalwazi kuhlanganiswe nephuli yebhafa efudumele kuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi oqhumayo kusuka kunoma iyiphi i-akhawunti eyodwa awususi amakhasi abelwe kunqolobane futhi kubangele ukukhuphuka kokubambezeleka endaweni yonke.

Izendlalelo zenqolobane aziyona inhlebo yesizindalwazi — ziyisisekelo sezakhiwo esihlukanisa izinkundla ezihlala zishesha esikalini kusukela kulezo ezidinga ukucishwa komlilo okuqhubekayo kwengqalasizinda. Uma wakha noma uqhuba ibhizinisi elidinga inkundla esesivele ilungiselelwe lezi zinto ezingokoqobo, hlola i-Mewayz kokuthi app.mewayz.com — amamojula angu-207, inkundla eyodwa ehambisanayo, eyakhelwe ukusebenza ngokuthembekile kusukela kumsebenzisi wakho wokuqala kuya kwekhulu lenkulungwane yakho.