I-Python Type Checker Ukuqhathanisa: I-Empty Container Inference

Kungani Iziqukathi Ezingenalutho Ziphula Okuhlola Uhlobo Lwe-Python — Futhi Ongakwenza Ngayo

Isistimu yokuthayipha ye-Python kancane kancane ikhule kakhulu kusukela i-PEP 484 yethula amahinti ohlobo ngo-2015. Namuhla, izigidi zonjiniyela zithembele kubahloli bezinhlobo ezimile ukuze babambe iziphazamisi ngaphambi kokuthi bafinyelele ukukhiqizwa. Kepha kunekhona elicashile, elikhungathekisayo lesistimu yohlobo elisakhuphula ngisho nonjiniyela abanolwazi: hlobo luni lwesitsha esingenalutho? Uma ubhala u-x = [] ngaphandle kwesichasiselo, isihloli sakho sohlobo kufanele siqagele — futhi okuhlola abahlukene baqagela ngokuhlukile. Lokhu kwehlukana kudala izinkinga zangempela kumaqembu agcina izisekelo zekhodi ezinkulu, lapho ukushintsha noma ukuhlanganisa izihloli zohlobo kungaveza amakhulukhulu amaphutha angalindelekile ngobusuku obubodwa.

Le ndatshana ichaza ukuthi izihloli ezine zohlobo lwePython ezinkulu - i-mypy, i-pyright, i-pytype, ne-pyre - zisingatha kanjani iziqondiso zesiqukathi esingenalutho, kungani zingavumelani, nokuthi yimaphi amasu asebenzayo ongawathatha ukuze ubhale iPython ephephile yohlobo ngaphandle kokukhetha kwakho amathuluzi.

Inkinga Ewumgogodla: Iziqukathi Ezingenalutho Ziyindida Ngokwemvelo

Cabangela lo mugqa ongenacala wePython: imiphumela = []. Ingabe imiphumela iwuhlu[int]? Uhlu [str]? A uhlu[dict[str, Any]]? Ngaphandle kokuqukethwe okwengeziwe, ayikho indlela yokwazi. Isikhathi sokusebenza se-Python asinandaba - izinhlu ziyahlukahluka ngokwemvelo - kodwa abahloli bohlobo olumile badinga ukunikeza uhlobo oluphathekayo kukho konke okuguquguqukayo ukuze benze umsebenzi wabo. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi kokuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo kwePython kanye neziqinisekiso ukuhlaziya okumile okuzama ukukunikeza.

Inkinga ihlangana nezichazamazwi namasethi. I-{} engenalutho empeleni icutshungulwa njenge-dict, hhayi isethi, enezela ukungaqondakali kwe-syntactic ngaphezulu kokungaqondakali kweleveli yohlobo. Futhi iziqukathi ezifakwe esidlekeni — cabanga defaultdict(list) noma imiphumela = {k: [] ka-k in keys} — phusha izinjini ze-inference emikhawulweni yazo. Isihloli ngasinye sohlobo sithuthukise i-heuristics yaso, futhi umehluko ubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho onjiniyela abaningi abakuqaphelayo.

Kuzinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezicubungula umthwalo wangempela wokusebenza — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-CRM ephethe amarekhodi ekhasimende, imojula ye-invoyisi ekhiqiza izinto zomugqa, noma amamethrikhi ahlanganisa amapayipi okuhlaziya — iziqukathi ezingenalutho zivela njalo njengamaphethini okuqalisa. Ukwenza izinhlobo zabo zibe zingalungile akukhiqizi nje izexwayiso ze-linter; ingafihla iziphazamisi zangempela eziphuma zidlulele esikhathini sokusebenza.

I-Mypy: Incazelo Ehlehlisiwe Nganoma Iyiphi Engacacile

I-Mypy, isihloli sohlobo lwePython esidala kunazo zonke futhi esamukelwa kabanzi, sithatha indlela ethambile ezitsheni ezingenalutho. Uma ihlangabezana ne-x = [] kuhlelo lokusebenza, izama ukuhlehlisa uhlobo lwesinqumo futhi inqume uhlobo lwe-elementi ekusetshenzisweni okulandelayo. Uma ubhala x = [] kulandele x.append(42), i-mypy izofaka uhlu[int]. Leli su "Joyina" lisebenza kahle ngokumangalisayo ezimweni eziqondile lapho isiqukathi sigcwele ngaphakathi kwesikophu esifanayo.

Kodwa-ke, ukuziphatha kwe-mypy kushintsha kakhulu kuye ngomongo kanye nezilungiselelo zokuqina. Kububanzi bemojuli (ikhodi yezinga eliphezulu), noma uma isiqukathi sidluliselwa komunye umsebenzi ngaphambi kokugcwaliswa, i-mypy ivamise ukuwela emuva kuhlu[Noma yini]. Ngaphansi kwefulegi --strict, lokhu kubangela iphutha, kodwa kumodi yokuzenzakalelayo kudlula buthule. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaqembu asebenzisa i-mypy ngaphandle kwemodi eqinile angaqongelela inqwaba yeziqukathi ezithayiphiwe ngokungaguquki ezisebenza njengezikhala zokuphunyuka kusistimu yohlobo, ehlula injongo yazo.

Ukuziphatha okukodwa okucashile: izinguqulo ze-mypy zangaphambi kuka-0.990 ngezinye izikhathi zinganciphisa uhlu[Okungaziwa] ngaphakathi bese zinwebeka ukuze zifake ohlwini[Noma yini] kumsebenzi ozokwenziwa. Ngemuva kuka-0.990, okucatshangelwayo kwaqiniswa, kodwa ushintsho lwephule inani elimangalisayo lamakhodi omhlaba wangempela abethembele ekuziphatheni kokuyekelela ngaphandle kokuqaphela. Lena itimu ephindaphindayo — izinguquko ekuqondeni kwesiqukathi esingenalutho ziphakathi kwezibuyekezo zesihloli sohlobo oluphazamisa kakhulu ngoba amaphethini atholakala yonke indawo.

I-Pyright: I-Inference Eqinile kanye Nohlobo "Olungaziwa"

I-Pyright, ithuthukiswe yi-Microsoft futhi inika amandla i-Pylance ku-VS Code, ithatha isimo sefilosofi esihluke kakhulu. Kunokuba ubuyele buthule kokuthi Noma yikuphi, i-pyright ihlukanisa phakathi kokuthi Akwaziwa (uhlobo olungakanqunywa) kanye Noma yikuphi (ukuphuma okucacile ohlotsheni lokuhlola). Uma ubhala u-x = [] ngendlela eqinile ye-pyright, ifaka uhlu[Akwaziwa] futhi ibike ukuxilonga, okukuphoqa ukuthi unikeze isichasiselo.

I-Pyright iphinde ibe nolaka kakhulu mayelana nokunciphisa ngaphakathi kwesikophu. Uma ubhala:

• x = [] ilandelwa ngu-x.append("sawubona") — i-pyright infers list[str]
• x = [] kulandele u-x.faka(1) bese u-x.append("sawubona") — i-pyright infers uhlu[int | str]
• x = [] idlule ngqo kumsebenzi olindele uhlu[int] — i-pyright infers list[int] esuka kungqikithi yesayithi lekholi
• x = [] kubuyiswe emsebenzini ngaphandle kwesichasiselo sohlobo lokubuyisela — i-pyright ibika iphutha kunokuqagela

Lokhu kuqondiswa kabili (kusetshenziswa kokubili ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo nezinhlobo ezilindelekile kumasayithi okushaya ucingo) kwenza i-pyright inembe kakhulu kune-mypy yeziqukathi ezingenalutho. I-tradeoff ingu-verbosity: imodi eqinile ye-pyright ihlaba umkhosi cishe ezingu-30-40% zezinkinga eziningi ku-codebase evamile engachazwanga ngokuqhathaniswa nemodi eqinile ye-mypy, ngokokuhlaziya okuvela emibikweni embalwa yomthombo ovulekile wokufuduka. Emaqenjini akha amasistimu angemuva ayinkimbinkimbi - ake sithi, inkundla elawula amamojula axhumene angu-207 ahlanganisa i-CRM, i-payroll, ne-analytics - ukuqina kwe-pyright kubamba ukungqubuzana okufihlekile kwesixhumi esibonakalayo okungageji.

I-Pytype ne-Pyre: Imigwaqo Engahanjwa Kancane

I-pytype ye-Google ithatha mhlawumbe indlela enengqondo kakhulu. Esikhundleni sokudinga izichasiselo noma ubuyele kokuthi Noma yikuphi, i-pytype isebenzisa ukuhlaziya uhlelo lonke ukuze ilandelele ukuthi isiqukathi sisetshenziswa kanjani kuyo yonke imingcele yokusebenza. Uma udala uhlu olungenalutho kumsebenzi owodwa bese uludlulisela komunye ohlanganisa izinombolo, i-pytype ngokuvamile ingase iqonde uhlu[int] ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izichasiselo. Lokhu kucabanga kwe-cross-function kuyabiza kakhulu — i-pytype ihamba kancane kakhulu kune-mypy noma i-pyright kuma-codebases amakhulu - kodwa ikhiqiza amaphuzu angamanga ambalwa ekhodini elingachazwanga.

Pytype futhi yethula umqondo "wezinhlobo eziyingxenye" weziqukathi ezingenalutho. I-[] esanda kwakhiwa ithola uhlobo oluthile olucwengwa kancane kancane njengoba isihloli sihlangabezana nokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe. Lokhu kuhle ngokomqondo kodwa kungaveza imilayezo yephutha edidayo lapho uhlobo lwengxenye lungakwazi ukuxazululwa ngokugcwele, njengalapho isiqukathi esingenalutho sigeleza emisebenzini embalwa ngaphandle kokugcwaliswa.

I-Meta's pyre, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isondela ekuziphatheni kwe-mypy kodwa ngokuzenzakalelayo okuqinile. U-Pyre uphatha x = [] njengohlu[olwaziwa] futhi udinga isichasiselo kuzimo eziningi. Lapho i-pyre izihlukanisa khona kusekuphatheni kwayo izichazamazwi ezingenalutho ezisetshenziswa njenge-kwargs — iphethini evamile kuzinhlaka zewebhu. I-Pyre inomqondo wecala elikhethekile ukuze ichaze izinhlobo zesichazamazwi kusuka kuzimpikiswano zegama elingukhiye, yehlisa umthwalo wezichasiselo kumakhodi ohlaka asindayo. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zewebhu zesimanje zifaka ukusetshenziswa kanzima kokukhipha isichazamazwi ukuze kulungiswe nokubamba isicelo, le pragmatism ikhokha izinzuzo.

Umthelela Womhlaba Wangempela: Lapho I-Inference Divergence Luma

Umehluko phakathi kwezihloli zohlobo ungase ubonakale uyisifundi kuze kube yilapho uhlangabezana nakho kusisekelo sekhodi yokukhiqiza. Cabangela iphethini evamile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zebhizinisi: ukuqalisa isakhiwo sedatha esigcwala ngokwemibandela.

Iziqukathi eziyingozi kakhulu ezingenalutho akuzona lezo ezithayipha ifulegi lokuhlola — yizo ezidlula buthule ngohlobo oluqondiwe Noma iyiphi, okuvumela idatha engahambelani ukuthi iqongelele ngaphandle kwesixwayiso kuze kube yilapho umsebenzi ongezansi uphahlazeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza nge-TypeError cishe okungenakwenzeka ukulandelela emuva kumsuka wayo.

Isibonelo esiphathekayo: ithimba ekuqaleni kwe-fintech libike ukuchitha izinsuku ezintathu lilungisa inkinga yokukhiqiza lapho uhlu olungenalutho, oluqaliswe emsebenzini wokucubungula inkokhelo, luqanjwe njengohlu[Noma yini] yi-mypy. Uhlu bekufanele luqukathe izinto zedesimali zamanani emali, kodwa indlela yekhodi ibihlanganisa amanani okuthi float esikhundleni salokho. Ukucabanga okuthambile kukaMypy kukuvumele buthule. Isiphazamisi sivele kuphela lapho amaphutha okufinyezwa ku-arithmetic entantayo abangela umehluko ongu-$0.01 kunqwaba yama-invoyisi angu-12,000. Ukube bebesebenzise i-pyright ngendlela eqinile, noma bavele bachaze uhlu olungenalutho njengohlu[Idesimali], iphutha belizobanjwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa.

E-Mewayz, lapho inkundla icubungula ama-invoyisi, izibalo ezikhokhelwayo, kanye nezibalo zezezimali kuwo wonke ama-akhawunti abasebenzisi angu-138,000+, lolu hlobo lwegebe lokuphepha lohlobo alulona nje ulwazi lwethiyori — luwumehluko phakathi kokusebenza okufanele kweholo kanye nokubala kabusha okumba eqolo. Isiyalo esiqinile sokuthayipha mayelana nokuqaliswa kwesiqukathi singenye yalezo zinqubo zonjiniyela "eziyisicefe" ezivimbela izehlakalo zokukhiqiza ezijabulisayo.

Izindlela Ezingcono Kakhulu Zokuqalisa Isiqukathi Esivikelayo

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi ithimba lakho lisebenzisa luphi uhlobo lokuhlola, kukhona amasu aphathekayo okuqeda ngokuphelele ukungaqondakali kwesiqukathi esingenalutho. Umgomo uwukuthi ungalokothi uthembele ekucabangeni ngeziqukathi ezingenalutho - yenza uhlobo lube sobala ukuze ikhodi yakho iphatheke kubo bonke osheka futhi ingathinteki ekushintsheni kokuziphatha phakathi kwezinguqulo.

1. Chaza njalo okuhlukile kwesiqukathi esingenalutho. Bhala imiphumela: list[int] = [] esikhundleni semiphumela = []. Izindleko ezincane ze-verbosity azinakwa uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sokulungisa iphutha esilondoloziwe. Lo mkhuba owodwa uqeda cishe u-80% wezindaba zekhonteyina ezingenalutho.
2. Sebenzisa imisebenzi yasembonini yeziqukathi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Esikhundleni se-cache = {}, bhala umsebenzi ofana ne-def make_cache() -> dict[str, list[UserRecord]]: buyisela {}. Isichasiselo sohlobo lokubuyisela senza uhlobo oluhlosiwe lungabizi futhi luzibhale ngokwalo.
3. Uncamela abakhi abathayiphiwe kunamagama kuzinhlobo ezingezona ezincane. Bhala izinto: set[int] = set() kunokuncika ekuqondeni okusethiwe. Okuzenzakalelayo kanye Nesibali, hlala uhlinzeka ngohlobo lwepharamitha: izibalo: I-Counter[str] = I-Counter().
4. Lungisa imodi eqinile yesihloli sohlobo lwakho ukuze uthole ikhodi entsha. Kokubili i-mypy ne-pyright isekela ifayela ngalinye noma ukulungiselelwa kohla lwemibhalo ngayinye. Nika amandla ukuhlola okuqinile kumamojula amasha kuyilapho kancane kancane uthutha ikhodi yefa. Lokhu kuvimbela ukunqwabelana kweziqukathi ezintsha ezithayiphiwe ngokungagunci.
5. Engeza ukuqhathanisa kwesihloli sohlobo epayipini lakho le-CI. Ukusebenzisa kokubili i-mypy ne-pyright ku-codebase yakho kubamba ukuhlukahluka kusenesikhathi. Uma iphethini idlula isihloli esisodwa kodwa yehlule kwesinye, iwuphawu lokuthi uhlobo alucaci ngokwanele.

Isithombe Esikhulu: Uhlobo Lokuhlola Njengomkhuba Wethimba

Isiphetho sesiqukathi esingenalutho ekugcineni siyi-microcosm yenselelo enkulu kusistimu yohlobo lwe-Python: ukungezwani phakathi kokunethezeka nokuphepha. Ifilosofi ye-Python yokuthi "sonke singabantu abadala abavumayo" isebenza kahle ekwenzeni i-prototyping nemibhalo, kodwa izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezihlinzeka ngezinkulungwane zabasebenzisi zidinga iziqinisekiso eziqinile. Iqiniso lokuthi ohloli abane bezinhlobo ezinkulu abavumelani kokuthile okuyisisekelo njengohlobo lwe-[] ligcizelela ukuthi i-ecosystem yokuthayipha ye-Python isakhula.

Emaqenjini onjiniyela akha izinkundla eziyinkimbinkimbi — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphethe idlanzana lezinsiza ezincane noma isistimu ehlanganisiwe enamakhulu amamojula axhumene njenge-Mewayz’s business OS — iseluleko esisebenzayo siqondile: unganciki ekucabangeni ngeziqukathi ezingenalutho, khetha isihloli sohlobo futhi usilungiselele ngokuqinile, futhi uphathe izichasiselo zohlobo njengamadokhumenti atholakala ngomshini. Imizuzu emihlanu echithwe kubhalwa uhlu[I-invoyisi] esikhundleni sokuthi [] izokongela amahora okulungisa iphutha lapho i-codebase yakho isikala.

Njengoba i-PEP 696 (amapharamitha ohlobo oluzenzakalelayo) kanye ne-PEP 695 (i-syntax yohlobo lwepharamitha) iqhubeka nokufika ezinguqulweni ezintsha ze-Python, i-ergonomics yokubhala ingcaca izoqhubeka ithuthuka. Igebe phakathi kwePython ethi "annotated" kanye "unnotated" izoncipha. Kodwa kuze kube yilolo suku, izinhlobo zeziqukathi ezicacile zihlala zingenye yezinqubo ze-ROI eziphezulu kakhulu ku-toolkit yonjiniyela we-Python - isiyalo esincane esikhokha inzalo ehlanganisiwe kuwo wonke amamojula, yonke i-sprint, nakho konke ukuthunyelwa kokukhiqiza.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kungani ungakwazi ukuthayipha okuhlola ukuvumelana ngohlobo lohlu olungenalutho?

Uma ubhala `x = []`, isihloli sohlobo kufanele sicabangele uhlobo ngaphandle kwamacebo asobala. Okuhlola abahlukene basebenzisa amasu ahlukene: abanye bathi `uhlu[Noma iluphi]` (uhlu lwanoma yini), kuyilapho abanye bangase bacabangele uhlobo olucacile kodwa olungalungile njengokuthi `uhlu[Lutho]`. Lokhu kuntuleka kwendinganiso yendawo yonke yingakho bengavumelani. Kumaphrojekthi asebenzisa okuhlola abaningi, lokhu kungqubuzana kungaba yikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuhlaziya okuphula ithuluzi elilodwa elidlula kwelinye.

Iyiphi indlela elula yokulungisa amaphutha esiqukathi esingenalutho?

Isixazululo esiqonde kakhulu ukuhlinzeka ngohlobo olucacile lwesichasiselo. Esikhundleni sokuthi `uhlu_lwami = []`, bhala `uhlu_lwami: uhlu[str] = []` ukuze umemezele ngokusobala uhlobo oluhlosiwe. Lokhu kususa konke ukungaqondakali kwesihloli sohlobo, kuqinisekisa ukuziphatha okungaguquki kuwo wonke amathuluzi ahlukene njenge-mypy, i-Pyright, ne-Pyre. Lo mkhuba unconywa kukho konke ukuqaliswa kweziqukathi ezingenalutho ukuze kuvinjelwe amaphutha emibono.

Ngizisingatha kanjani iziqukathi ezingenalutho ngaphakathi kwezincazelo zekilasi?

Le yinkinga evamile ngoba izichasiselo ezingaphakathi kwamakilasi zidinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile. Kufanele usebenzise `kusuka __ikusasa__ izichasiselo zokungenisa` noma isichasiselo esithi `ClassVar` uma uhlu luhloselwe ukuba isibaluli sekilasi. Ngokwesibonelo, `class MyClass: my_list: ClassVar[list[str]] = []`. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, isihloli sohlobo singase sibe nzima ukubheka uhlobo ngendlela efanele, okuholela emaphutheni.

Ingabe akhona amathuluzi okusiza ukuphatha lezi zinkinga zokuthayipha kumaphrojekthi amakhulu?

Yebo, okuhlola uhlobo oluthuthukisiwe njenge-Pyright (okunika amandla i-Pylance ku-VS Code) bahle kakhulu ekuphatheni ukucabangela okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kuma-codebase amakhulu, izinkundla ezifana ne-Mewayz (enikeza amamojula okuhlaziya angu-207 ngo-$19/ngenyanga) zinganikeza ukuhlola okujulile, okungaguquki kakhudlwana futhi kusize ukuphoqelela izinqubo zezichasiselo kulo lonke iqembu lakho, kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana okuxoxwe ngakho esihlokweni.