Ubwoko bwa Python Kugenzura Kugereranya: Ubusa Ibikoresho Byuzuye

Impamvu Ibikoresho Byubusa Bimena Ubwoko bwa Python - Kandi Icyo Wabikoraho

Sisitemu yo kwandika buhoro buhoro Python imaze gukura cyane kuva PEP 484 yatangizaga ibimenyetso byubwoko muri 2015. Uyu munsi, amamiriyoni yabatezimbere bashingira kumashini yimiterere kugirango bafate amakosa mbere yuko batangira umusaruro. Ariko hariho inguni yoroheje, itesha umutwe ubwoko bwa sisitemu ikomeza kuzamuka ndetse naba injeniyeri b'inararibonye: ni ubuhe bwoko bwubusa bufite? Iyo wanditse x = [] nta bisobanuro, ubwoko bwawe bugenzura bugomba gukeka - kandi abagenzuzi batandukanye bakeka ukundi. Uku gutandukana gutera ibibazo nyabyo kumakipe agumana codebase nini, aho guhinduranya cyangwa guhuza ubwoko bwabashinzwe kugenzura bishobora kugaragara hejuru yamakosa atunguranye ijoro ryose.

>

Ikibazo Cyibanze: Ibikoresho birimo ubusa birasobanutse neza

Reba uyu murongo utagira inenge wa Python: ibisubizo = [] . Ese ibisubizo ni urutonde [int] ? Urutonde urutonde [str] ? Urutonde rwa [gutegeka [str, Icyo ari cyo cyose]] ? Hatariho imiterere yinyongera, mubyukuri nta buryo bwo kubimenya. Imikorere ya Python ntacyo itwaye - urutonde ntirutandukanijwe na kamere - ariko abagenzuzi b'ubwoko buhoraho bakeneye guha ubwoko bwihariye kuri buri gihinduka kugirango bakore akazi kabo. Ibi bitera impagarara zifatika hagati yimikorere ya Python ningirakamaro kandi isesengura rihamye rigerageza gutanga.

Ikibazo kivanze ninkoranyamagambo. Ubusa {} busobanurwa mubyukuri nka itegeko , ntabwo ari gushiraho , byongeramo ibisobanuro bidasobanutse hejuru yubwoko-urwego rudasobanutse. Kandi ibyombo byashyizwe - tekereza umwirondoro (urutonde) cyangwa ibisubizo = {k: [] kuri k mumfunguzo} - gusunika moteri yerekana imipaka. Buri bwoko bwigenzura bwateje imbere ibyingenzi, kandi itandukaniro rirakomeye kuruta abitezimbere benshi babimenya.

> Kubona ubwoko bwabo nabi ntabwo bitanga umuburo wa linter gusa; irashobora guhisha amakosa nyayo anyerera mugihe cyo gukora.

Mypy: Umwanzuro Utinze Hamwe Na Byose

Mypy, ya kera kandi yemewe cyane ya Python yo kugenzura, ifata inzira yoroheje kubintu byoroshye. Iyo ihuye na x = [] kurwego rwimikorere, iragerageza gusubika icyemezo cyubwoko no guhitamo ubwoko bwibintu uhereye kubikoresha nyuma. Niba wanditse x = [] ukurikizaho x.umugereka (42) , mypy izerekana urutonde [int] . Izi "gufatanya" zikora neza kuburyo butangaje kubibazo bitaziguye aho kontineri ituwe murwego rumwe.

Ariko, imyitwarire ya mypy irahinduka cyane bitewe n'imiterere no gukomera. Ku cyiciro cya module (kode yo murwego rwohejuru), cyangwa iyo kontineri yanyujijwe mubindi bikorwa mbere yo guturwa, mypy akenshi igaruka kuri urutonde [Icyo ari cyo cyose] . Munsi yibendera rya --kugabanya , ibi bikurura ikosa, ariko muburyo busanzwe biraceceka. Ibi bivuze ko amakipe akoresha mypy adafite uburyo bukomeye arashobora kwegeranya ibintu byinshi byanditse-bitagaragara byanditse nkibikorwa byo guhunga biva muburyo bwa sisitemu, bigatsinda intego yabyo.

> Nyuma ya 0.990, umwanzuro warushijeho gukaza umurego, ariko impinduka zahinduye umubare utangaje wa codebase nyayo-nyayo yari ishingiye ku myitwarire yemewe itabizi. Iyi ni insanganyamatsiko isubirwamo - impinduka zubusa zirimo ibintu biri mubintu byahungabanije ubwoko bwigenzura kuko ibishushanyo biboneka hose.

Uburenganzira: Umwanzuro ukaze hamwe nubwoko "butazwi"

Uburenganzira, bwakozwe na Microsoft kandi buha imbaraga Pylance muri Code ya VS, ifata imyumvire itandukanye ya filozofiya. Aho gusubira bucece kuri Icyo ari cyo cyose , uburenganzira butandukanya Utazwi (ubwoko butaramenyekana) na Icyo ari cyo cyose (guhitamo neza kugenzura ubwoko). Iyo wanditse x = [] muburyo bukomeye bwuburenganzira, byinjiza urutonde [Utazwi] hanyuma ugatanga raporo yo kwisuzumisha, iguhatira gutanga ibisobanuro.

Uburenganzira nabwo burakaze kubyerekeye kugabanuka murwego . Niba wanditse:

• x =
• x = str]
> Urudandazwa ni ubushishozi: uburyo bukomeye bwuburenganzira bwibendera hafi 30-40% nibindi bibazo kuri codebase isanzwe itamenyeshejwe ugereranije nuburyo bukomeye bwa mypy, nkurikije isesengura ryakozwe na raporo zimuka zituruka hanze. Ku matsinda yubaka sisitemu yinyuma yinyuma - vuga, urubuga rucunga 207 modul ihuza module ikurikirana CRM, umushahara, hamwe nisesengura - gukomera kwuburenganzira bwa muntu bifata interineti idahuye neza nubushishozi bworoshye bwabura.

Pytype na Pyre: Imihanda Ntoya Yagenze

Google pytype ifata wenda inzira yuburyo bwiza. Aho gusaba ibisobanuro cyangwa gusubira kuri Icyo ari cyo cyose , pytype ikoresha isesengura rya porogaramu yose kugirango ikurikirane uburyo kontineri ikoreshwa kumipaka yimikorere. Niba uremye urutonde rwubusa mumikorere imwe hanyuma ukarwohereza kurindi rwongeramo integer, pytype irashobora gushishoza urutonde [int] nta tangazo na rimwe. Iyi myanzuro ihuza ibikorwa ihenze kubara - pytype iratinda cyane kurenza mypy cyangwa uburenganzira kuri codebase nini - ariko itanga ibyiza bike kubinyoma kuri code itamenyekanye.

Pytype nayo itangiza igitekerezo cya "ubwoko bwigice" kubintu byuzuye. Byaremwe bishya [] bibona ubwoko bwigice bugenda butunganywa buhoro buhoro nkuko umugenzuzi ahura nikoreshwa ryinshi. Ibi nibisobanuro byiza ariko birashobora gutanga ubutumwa bwitiranya ubutumwa mugihe ubwoko bwigice budashobora gukemurwa byuzuye, nkigihe ikintu kirimo ubusa kinyuze mumirimo myinshi utarigeze uturwa.

Pyre ya Meta, Hagati aho, yegereye imyitwarire ya mypy ariko hamwe nibisanzwe. Pyre ifata x = [] nk urutonde [rutazwi] kandi bisaba ibisobanuro mubice byinshi. Aho pyre itandukaniye ni mubikorwa byayo inkoranyamagambo yubusa ikoreshwa nka kwargs - uburyo busanzwe muburyo bwurubuga. Pyre ifite ibitekerezo-byihariye byo guhitamo inkoranyamagambo kuva ijambo ryibanze ryibanze, kugabanya umutwaro wo gutangaza murwego-ruremereye codebase. Urebye ko porogaramu nyinshi zigezweho zirimo gukoresha cyane inkoranyamagambo gupakurura iboneza no gusaba gukemura, iyi pragmatism yishura inyungu.

💡 DID YOU KNOW?

Mewayz replaces 8+ business tools in one platform

CRM · Invoicing · HR · Projects · Booking · eCommerce · POS · Analytics. Free forever plan available.

Start Free →

Ingaruka-Yisi Yose: Iyo Imyanzuro yo Gutandukanya Bitandukanye

Itandukaniro riri hagati yubwoko bugenzura rishobora gusa nkamasomo kugeza ubiboneye muri codebase yumusaruro. Reba uburyo rusange mubikorwa byubucuruzi: gutangiza imiterere yamakuru atuwe neza.

Ibikoresho birimo ubusa cyane ntabwo aribyo byanditseho ibendera - ni byo byicecekera hamwe nubwoko bwatanzwe Ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose , butuma amakuru adahuye yegeranya nta nteguza kugeza igihe ibikorwa byo hasi biguye mugihe cyagenwe na TypeError bidashoboka ko umuntu yakurikirana inkomoko yabyo.

Urugero rufatika: itsinda ryatangiye fintech ryatangaje ko ryakoresheje iminsi itatu ikemura ikibazo cyumusaruro aho urutonde rwubusa, rwatangijwe mumikorere yo gutunganya ubwishyu, rwavuzwe nk urutonde [Icyo aricyo cyose] na mypy. Urutonde rwagombaga kuba rukubiyemo Icumi ibintu byamafaranga, ariko inzira ya kode yongereraga agaciro kureremba . Mypy yoroheje yoroheje yarabyemeye acecetse. Ikosa ryagaragaye gusa mugihe cyo kuzenguruka amakosa muri arithmetic ireremba yateje $ 0.01 itandukaniro mugice cya fagitire 12,000. Iyaba bakoresheje uburenganzira muburyo bukomeye, cyangwa bagasobanura gusa urutonde rwubusa nka urutonde [Icumi] , ikosa ryaba ryarafashwe mugihe cyiterambere.

> Imyitozo ikaze yerekeye gutangiza kontineri nimwe mubikorwa byubuhanga "birambiranye" birinda ibintu bishimishije kubyara.

Imyitozo myiza yo Gutangiza Ibikoresho Byirinda

Utitaye kubwoko bugenzura itsinda ryanyu rikoresha, hariho ingamba zifatika zo gukuraho ibintu bidasobanutse neza. Intego ni ukutazigera wishingikiriza kumurongo wibikoresho byubusa - kora ubwoko bweruye kugirango code yawe igende neza kubagenzuzi bose kandi birinde ubudahangarwa bwimyitwarire hagati yimikorere.

1. Buri gihe usobanure ibintu byahinduwe birimo ubusa. Igiciro gito cyamagambo nticyoroshye ugereranije nigihe cyo gukemura cyabitswe. Iyi myitozo imwe ikuraho hafi 80% yibibazo byubusa.
2. Koresha imikorere yinganda kubintu bigoye. Aho kugirango cache = {} , andika imikorere nka def make_cache () -> itegeko [str, urutonde [UmukoreshaRecord]]: garuka {} . Ubwoko bwisubiramo annotasiyo ituma ubwoko bwagenewe budasobanutse kandi bwiyerekana.
Kuri umwirondoro na Counter , burigihe utange ibipimo byubwoko: ibara: Counter [str] = Counter () .
• Shiraho ubwoko bwawe bugenzura uburyo bukomeye bwa kode nshya. Emera kugenzura byimazeyo module nshya mugihe wimuka buhoro buhoro kode yumurage. Ibi birinda kwegeranya ibintu bishya byanditse byanditse.
• Ongeraho ubwoko bwigenzura ugereranije numuyoboro wawe wa CI. Gukoresha mypy nuburenganzira kuri codebase yawe ifata imyanzuro itandukanye hakiri kare. Niba icyitegererezo cyanyuze kuri cheque imwe ariko ikananirwa ikindi, ni ikimenyetso cyuko ubwoko butagaragara neza.

Ishusho Nini: Ubwoko Kugenzura nkimyitozo yitsinda

Ubusobanuro bwibikoresho byubusa ni microcosm yikibazo kinini muburyo bwa sisitemu ya Python: impagarara hagati yubworoherane numutekano. Filozofiya ya Python ya "twese twemera abantu bakuru" ikora neza kuri prototyping na scripts, ariko sisitemu yumusaruro ukorera ibihumbi byabakoresha ikeneye ingwate zikomeye. Kuba abagenzuzi bane b'ingenzi batemeranya ku kintu cy'ibanze nk'ubwoko bwa [] bishimangira ko urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima rwa Python rukiri rukuze.

> Iminota itanu yamaze wandika urutonde [Inyemezabuguzi] aho kugirango [] izagukiza amasaha yo gukemura mugihe umunzani wawe wa codebase.

Nka PEP 696 (ibipimo byubwoko busanzwe) na PEP 695 (ubwoko bwibisobanuro byerekana) bikomeza kugwa muburyo bushya bwa Python, ergonomique yo kwandika neza izakomeza gutera imbere. Ikinyuranyo hagati ya "annotated" na "unannotated" Python kizagabanuka. Ariko kugeza kuri uriya munsi, ubwoko bwibikoresho bisobanutse bikomeza kuba bumwe mubikorwa-ROI murwego rwo hejuru rwabatezimbere ba Python - disipuline ntoya yishura inyungu zingana kuri buri module, buri siporo, hamwe nibikorwa byose.

Kubaka OS yawe Yubucuruzi Uyu munsi

Kuva kubaterankunga kugeza ibigo, Mewayz iha imbaraga 138.000+ ubucuruzi hamwe na 207 ihuriweho. Tangira ubuntu, uzamure iyo ukuze.

{"@ context": "https: \ / \ / schema.org", "@ ubwoko": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [{" 207 modules ihuriweho, Tangira ubuntu, uzamure iyo ukuze. "}}]}

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Kuki udashobora kwandika abagenzuzi bemeranya kubwoko bwurutonde rwubusa?

Iyo wanditse `x = []`, ubwoko bugenzura bugomba guhitamo ubwoko butabigaragaje. Abagenzuzi batandukanye bakoresha ingamba zitandukanye: bamwe basobanura `urutonde [Icyo ari cyo cyose]` (urutonde rwikintu icyo aricyo cyose), mugihe abandi bashobora guhitamo ubwoko bwihariye ariko butari bwo nka `urutonde [Ntabwo]. Uku kubura amahame rusange niyo mpamvu batavuga rumwe. Kubikorwa ukoresheje cheque nyinshi, uku kudahuza birashobora kuba umutwe wumutwe, kumena isesengura mugikoresho kimwe kinyura mubindi.

Nubuhe buryo bworoshye bwo gukosora amakosa yubusa?

Igisubizo cyoroshye cyane ni ugutanga ibisobanuro byubwoko butomoye. Aho kugirango `my_list = []`, andika `my_list: urutonde [str] = []` kugirango utangaze neza ubwoko bugenewe. Ibi bivanaho ibidasobanutse kubwoko bugenzura, byemeza imyitwarire ihamye mubikoresho bitandukanye nka mypy, Uburenganzira, na Pyre. Iyi myitozo irasabwa kubintu byose byubusa kubitangira kugirango wirinde amakosa yibyemezo.

Nakora nte ibikoresho birimo ubusa mubisobanuro byamasomo?

Iki nikibazo gisanzwe kuko ibisobanuro imbere mumasomo bisaba gukemura bidasanzwe. Ugomba gukoresha `kuva __future__ kwinjiza amatangazo yatumijwe mu mahanga cyangwa gutondekanya` ClassVar` niba urutonde rugenewe kuba ikiranga urwego. Kurugero, `urwego MyClass: my_list: ClassVar [urutonde [str]] = []`. Bitabaye ibyo, ubwoko bugenzura bushobora guhatanira guhitamo neza ubwoko, biganisha ku makosa.

Hariho ibikoresho byafasha gucunga ibyo bibazo byo kwandika mumishinga minini?

Yego, ubwoko bwambere bugenzura nka Uburenganzira (butanga Pylance muri VS Code) nibyiza cyane mugukemura imyanzuro igoye. Kuri codebase nini, urubuga nka Mewayz (rutanga module 207 yo gusesengura amadolari 19 / ukwezi) irashobora gutanga igenzura ryimbitse, rihamye kandi rigufasha gushyira mubikorwa imyitozo yo gutangaza amakuru mumakipe yawe yose, bikagabanya ibitagenda neza byaganiriweho mu ngingo.

Try Mewayz Free

All-in-one platform for CRM, invoicing, projects, HR & more. No credit card required.

Start Free Try Demo

Start managing your business smarter today

Join 30,000+ businesses. Free forever plan · No credit card required.

Start Free → Watch Demo
Found this useful? Share it.
X / Twitter LinkedIn Facebook WhatsApp